“Four Substitutions” is the main appearance and problem of academic evaluation in Chinese universities, which seriously affects the ecology and ethos of academic research in China, hinders the progress of science and technology in China and the cultivation of talents in universities. ?This paper discusses the problems of simplification and fragmentation in academic evaluation of colleges and universities in China, which are embodied in “citation substitution”, “publication substitution”, “quantity substitution” and “scientific research substitution”. The dispute between quantification and qualification of academic evaluation in Chinese and foreign universities is discussed, summarizing the international proposition of focusing on quality and complementing quantification. In the end the ideas and methods are proposed to break the “Four Substitutions”.

At present, the Up-or-Out rule has provoked a heated discussion in academic communities. However, with the in-depth reform, it has triggered a series of controversies. Specifically, first, multiple obstacles for the policy adaption has occurred. The Tenure-Track system has been implemented incompletely because of selectively drawing lessons from the rules. Second, contract revision lacks labor-management games, making young faculty of university have poor bargaining power. Third, the Up-or-Out rule emphasizes its screening role too much without sufficient support. Fourth, colleges and universities attach importance to the management “in” of faculty and ignore the guarantee of “out”. Fifth, the mandatory requirement of publication record has led to the borderless work culture and contributed to the spread of “Publish or perish”. Sixth, quantitative evaluation mechanism squeezes the space of peer review, the phenomenon of “international journals first” leads to the loss of academic autonomy. As such, six solutions are provided. First, the scope of implementation should be carefully determined to balance the interests of the elderly and newcomers with incremental reforms. Second, the labor-management game should be enhanced so that bargaining power of faculty could be improved. Third, talent cultivation and talent screening both should be considered. Fourth, the basic security system should be constructed to guarantee laid-off faculty could calmly seek other plans. Fifth, the competition culture of academic tournament should be diluted. Peer review which measures representative works of faculty should be improved. Sixth, the evaluation standard should be optimized to prevent the weakening of academic autonomy.

Revitalizing higher education in western China is the strategic mission for the high-quality development of higher education in western China in the new era. Optimizing the discipline layout of universities in western China in the new era is a national strategy to serve the major strategic needs of the country, empower the economic transformation and development of western China, and leverage the geographical advantages of traditional disciplines. However, the current development of disciplines in universities in western China is faced with such practical difficulties as weak coupling with regional economic development, insufficient radiation and guidance of disciplines, and the lack of outstanding advantages and characteristics of disciplines. The internal driving force and development vitality of disciplinary construction in universities in western China require strong institutional supply, focusing on activating the internal driving force of disciplinary teams, promoting the cluster development of universities and disciplines, building disciplinary innovation platforms to deepen the integration mechanism of industry and education, and relying on regional advantages to guide the distinctive development of disciplines.

To further promote the construction of world-class universities, it is necessary to define the international consensus on the future development of higher education and the focus of China’s innovation. UNESCO has held three World Higher Education Conferences with the themes of “Quality”, “Quality assurance” and “Reshaping ideas and practices in higher education to ensure sustainable development”. Innovation is the international consensus for the future development of higher education. The focus of China’s innovation is to deepen the transformation of New Engineering Education, New Medical Education, New Agricultural Education and New Liberal Arts Education, to implement the 2.0 Version of “Outstanding Talents Training Program”, to implement the 2.0 Version of “Top-Notch Students Training Program in Basic Disciplines”, to promote the revitalization of higher education in central and western China, and to build a national platform of “Smart Education of China Higher Education”.

Talent training is the foundation of a university, and the talent training model is the core competitiveness of a university. Driven by the modernization of university governance and the connotative development goals of higher education, the sustainable development of university talent training mode is an important task for Chinese higher education at present. By constructing a theoretical model of university talent training mode, this research connects four typical talent training models in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, and clarifies the advantages and disadvantages of different talent training models. Based on the analysis of the talent training model of global universities, and based on the existing disciplines, departments and talent training characteristics of Tsinghua University, this article proposes a strategy for integrating Tsinghua University’s discipline layout and talent training. This article aims to explore the university talent training model that takes root in China and integrates Chinese and foreign countries, integrate major national strategic needs into talent training and discipline layout, and provide all-round talent support for the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education.

Everything has two attributes of quality and quantity. As far as higher education is concerned, comprehensive and systematic researches on the quality of higher education have been made, resulting in a large number of achievements. However, researches on the “quantity” of higher education are quite weak. As one of the basic attributes of higher education and with different types, such as objective quantity, subjective quantity, behavior quantity, etc., the quantity of higher education has its unique and independent values, including abundance in self, comparison in degree, incentive in development and its function to quality. The purpose of studying the quantity of higher education is to do a good job in application, then in quantitative research, control and evaluation, and finally in quantitative ethics.

Vocational education is a unique type of education, and the research on teaching theory with “type characteristics” of vocational education is of great significance. The vocational didactics，a discipline of “how to teach persons for industrial occupations”, is the basic subject of vocational education teacher training suggested by UNESCO. This paper discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of the vocational didactics, and examines the relevance of the basic principles of general didactics to vocational education. Vocational education should create more opportunities for learners to learn independently, while maintaining the basic characteristics of learning as a collective activity of community of practice; it should realize the integration of workplace learning and school learning, and ensure that learners become the main subject of the teaching-learning process through comprehensive interdisciplinary learning tasks in different learning places. The development of modern society not only shapes a new learning paradigm of vocational education, but also endows vocational learning with rich social significance. How to take into account the development of personality and social needs in high-quality vocational education, is an important task of vocational didactics research.

Information literacy is a significant ability in digital society. Information literacy of university students is directly related to the future talent development of the country. In view of the lack of accurate and normative research on China’s university students’ information literacy due to the complex situation, firstly this study analyzes and summarizes the concept, connotation and evaluation standards of information literacy based on the research at home and abroad. This paper then explores the new requirements of university students’information literacy and the general basis and method of constructing the evaluation standards. On this basis, taking Shanghai as an example, this paper constructs the theoretical framework of university students’ information literacy evaluation standard with regional characteristics. The research results hope to provide reference for the research and practice of university students’ information literacy.

In the context of the current evolution of Sino-US relations, the competition for sci-tech talents between China and the United States is becoming increasingly fierce. As the base camp to carry out cutting-edge and basic research, the scale and quality of sci-tech talents cultivated by universities determine a country’s scientific and technological strength and future development potential. Based on the domestic and foreign statistical survey data and policy documents, this study compares the scale and quality status of sci-tech talents in Chinese and American universities, studies and judges the reserve capacity and international competitiveness of sci-tech talents in China. It is proposed that China should reduce the gap with the United States from five aspects, such as increasing the investment of scientific research funds in universities, enhancing the attraction of international sci-tech talents in universities, so as to gradually catch up with and surpass the quality of sci-tech talents in universities, and realize the great goal of building China into a scientific and power in the world.

The multiple universities with the same legal person system which is design and implementing in the third cycle of the National University Corporate Reform have significant advantage. The multiple universities with the same legal person system maintain the independence and characteristics, and integrate education and research resources of each university, meanwhile, it also coordinate regional industry-university cooperation. This system focuses on improving the research capabilities of Japan’s national universities and create diverse talent training models and collaborative research mechanisms. This system is aimed at stimulating the vitality of regional economic development and enhance the international competitiveness of national universities. This system reflects the Japan’s government’s introduction of the concept of “competition through cooperation” in national universities, and the integration of the strengths of national universities to achieve regional revitalization and the dual strategic goal of world-class universities. This innovation provides useful experience for China to construct a high-quality modernized higher education system and achieve the aim of high-quality development of higher education.

Accelerating the construction of the world’s important talent center and innovation highland is a major strategic goal put forward in the Central Conference on Talent Work. The Report of the Communist Party of China’s 20th National Congress has made an overall arrangement of education, science and technology as well as talents for the first time; higher education plays a leading role in this process. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the contribution of higher education to the construction of talent centers and innovation highlands around the world. Based on the panel data of 38 countries from 2013 to 2021, the following conclusions have been drawn. First, the world’s talent centers and innovation highlands were still concentrated in North America and European countries during the nine-year period, and the overall situation was “strong in the West and weak in the East”. But China made obvious progress and showed a trend of “rising in the East and falling in the West”. Second, the relative scale of higher education plays a significantly positive role in the construction of the world’s talent centers and innovation highlands. Third, according to the level of economic development, the relative scale of higher education has a significant impact on the construction of talent centers in high-income countries and on the construction of innovation highlands in upper-middle-income countries. Fourth, according to the development stage of higher education, the impact of the relative scale of higher education on the construction of the world’s talent centers and innovation highlands is not significant in the mass stage. The impact is significantly positive after entering the universalization stage. China is striving to enter the ranks of high-income countries, and has realized the transformation from mass higher education to universalization stage preliminarily; its higher education system needs to lay a solid foundation for accelerating the construction of the world’s important talent centers and innovation highlands.

The transparency obligation is a fundamental obligation of trustworthy artificial intelligence, a constituent element of technological due process, and a key responsibility mechanism for achieving the goal of visual justice. As a transition from artificial narrow intelligence to artificial general intelligence, ChatGPT has the ability to generate structured content. While improving academic capabilities, it can also mask academic dishonesty, posing an unprecedented threat to academic integrity. In order to ensure academic integrity in the era of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to establish transparency obligation, apply academic integrity norms and trustworthy AI guidelines, and jointly regulate ChatGPT’s intervention in academic paper creation activities to ensure academic integrity, academic fairness, and academic responsibility. The academic community’s views on whether ChatGPT can be used in the creation of academic papers, such as open use, fair use, and prohibited use, as well as the subject, object, and dual creative subject theories on the copyright of ChatGPT generated content, have a direct impact on the fulfillment standards, fulfillment methods, and forms of responsibility for transparency obligation. The density standards for fulfilling transparency obligation include the “fishbowl transparency” mode and the “reasoned transparency” mode. Regardless of which concept, doctrine, and model is chosen to fulfill transparency obligation, its content depends on the purpose and use of the academic paper, its system depends on academic norms, and its procedure is for visual justice.

This study constructed a structural equation model of interdisciplinary training environment, interdisciplinary engagements, and interdisciplinary abilities of doctoral students based on the survey data of 4 373 doctoral students from 37 “Double First-class” construction universities. The results showed that doctoral students were less satisfied with interdisciplinary resources and courses and more satisfied with the interdisciplinary training provided by supervisors. Doctoral students’interdisciplinary engagements were insufficient, and their interdisciplinary abilities and reflective behavior levels had a large room for improvement. Interdisciplinary engagement completely mediated the relationship between interdisciplinary resources and interdisciplinary ability; it also partly mediated the relationship between interdisciplinary courses and interdisciplinary ability as well as the relationship between interdisciplinary training provided by supervisors and interdisciplinary ability. Moreover, interdisciplinary background positively moderated the effect of interdisciplinary courses and interdisciplinary engagement on interdisciplinary ability, and negatively moderated the influence of interdisciplinary resources and interdisciplinary training provided by supervisors on interdisciplinary ability. Therefore, the training institutions should strive to create a good interdisciplinary training environment, enhance the enthusiasm of doctoral students in interdisciplinary engagement, and improve the interdisciplinary training system according to the interdisciplinary background of doctoral students.

Policy, as an environmental element of top talent education, plays a supporting role in the cultivation of top talents. Taking the 144 policy documents from 1977 to 2022 as the object, the historical evolution of policy changes in China’s top-notch talent education can be divided into four stages: the exploration and initial stage, the gradual expansion stage, the rethinking stage, and the rational innovation stage. On this basis, the policy content quantitative analysis method is adopted to explore the evolution of China’s top-notch talent education policy and its direction from the levels of basic facts and values. Based on the results, it is recommended that efforts should be made to raise the policy attention to the education of top-notch talents, construct a pattern of top-notch talents with multi-agent collaborative participation, strengthen the research on the localized experience of China’s top-notch talents education, condense the programs and modes with Chinese characteristics, and clarify the orientation of top-notch talents education policy to strengthen the synergy of the policy.

New generation information technologies and digital innovations have brought unprecedented opportunities to the development of higher education. The technology-enabled smart education paradigm today, is an inevitable trend, fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic and ease of use of technologies. It is at its early stages, with exponential expected growth in the near future. On this backdrop, we aim to transform higher education in China, by analyzing potential future tendencies of smart education, followed by identifying bottlenecks and challenges of current educational developments influencing the future of smart education. We then propose a novel scheme for adaptive smart education centered around the concept of holistic cultivation of the mind. This can be viewed as a modern sustainable higher-education reform focused on value creation, knowledge cultivation and practical innovation, for the purpose to realize “Activation” of the mind. This “Activation” occurs at the interplay between social education, diffusion of knowledge, and wisdom of teaching and learning. “Activation” is operationalized by erecting the four pillars of a literacy graph, a knowledge graph, an abilities graph, and a quality graph, which united, would support the new higher-education ecology and empowered education. The new ecology would foster a social environment that is conducive to the derivation of knowledge so as to promote comprehensive changes in the content, means, modes and systems towards the cultivation of human-centric talents. Consequently, the wisdom process of contemporary higher education would entail seeding wisdom in people, integrating wisdom in campus, and strengthening wisdom in country.

Macro theories on higher education have strong local, political and developmental characteristics, and have a unique position and role in the construction of an independent knowledge system of higher education theories. Since the reform and opening, the development of macro theories of higher education in China has gone through the process of creation, reconstruction and development, and has achieved historic accomplishments and accumulated important experience, but it also has obvious deficiencies. With the goal of constructing an independent knowledge system and furtherly promoting the innovation of macro theories on higher education, we should correctly handle three major relationships, furtherly deepen the study of the Party's century-old education history and the Sinicization of Marxism theory on education, strengthen the coordinated endeavor in solving major theoretical and practical issues, and optimize the system and mechanism of macro theory research.

The Ministry of Education’s “Further Strengthening the Work of Rule of Law in Colleges and Universities” describes the blueprint of the work of rule of law in colleges and universities from five key organizational systems and ten key content levels. The construction of administrative rule of law in colleges and universities in the new era is the core of the work of rule of law in colleges and universities. The logical basis is to implement the autonomy of running a school as the starting point, to achieve good governance and fairness and justice, and to complete the five missions of colleges and universities in socialist countries. The risk structure is mainly reflected in the legal disputes caused by the unclear laws and school rules, which can be summarized into four categories: the adequacy of the subject’s authority, the legitimacy of the purpose of the behavior, the satisfaction of procedural justice and the remedy without loopholes. We should improve the ability of colleges and universities to prevent and resolve legal risks, improve the system and mechanism, promote the modernization of the governance level of colleges and universities by means of the rule of law, and strive to achieve the goal of the 14th Five-Year Plan（2021-2025） to strengthen education.

Based on the analysis of Faculty Instructional Development Index of Chinese Higher Vocational Colleges (released in 2020), the current situation of faculty instructional development of Chinese higher vocational college is analyzed in this research. It is found that the overall structure of faculty instructional development is not good, the regional and provincial imbalance is significant, and the difference between schools is obvious et al. In addition, this research also found that there are four kinds of faculty instructional developing forms in provinces, namely, single type, biased type, Semi-developmental type and balanced type. Some governance proposals are presented, which includes strengthening the accuracy of regional faculty instructional policies; strengthening the cooperation and participation of multiple subjects; promoting the classified management of key and general vocational colleges; and advocating the diversified assessment of faculty instructional status in higher vocational colleges et al.

In the context of the deepening reform of my country’s degree system and the formulation of the “Degree Law”, the case of Chai XX has raised questions and discussions on the exercise of the degree-granting power of secondary colleges. From the three levels of power norms, theoretical accumulation, and legal reasons, we examine the logical roots of the degree-granting power of secondary colleges, and summarize the degree-granting procedures from the practice review that favor “recognition” rather than “relief” and the degree-granting standards, from “refinement” to “setting” and other issues, and then from the source and nature of power, meaning and performance of examining and delineating the boundaries of the exercise of the degree-granting power of secondary colleges. In the new stage, regulating the exercise of the degree-granting power of secondary colleges should follow the principles of legality and rationality, and promote the unification of academic autonomy of secondary colleges with the applicant’s degree application rights and the coupling of degree-granting autonomy with legal authorization to achieve self-control of entity norms; It should focus on upholding comprehensiveness and practicality, with the system of procedural rights as the core, strengthening the due process of degree awarding, taking the accessibility of procedural rights as the key, standardizing the relief procedures for non-granting degrees, and taking the predetermination of expert review as the guarantee, standardizing the relief procedures for degree cancellation, so as to achieve the procedural norms.

As the latest measure for the selection and training of top-notch innovative talents in basic disciplines, the Plan for Strengthening Basic Disciplines shoulders the multiple missions entrusted by the state. It has been fully implemented by the government, actively cooperated by universities and generally recognized by the academic community, showing a trend of “hot”. Although the Plan for Strengthening Basic Disciplines has a good start overall, there is also a phenomenon of “cold” enrollment in some pilot universities, which affects the expected results of the system. Based on the analysis of the baton effect of the examination system, it can be seen that the reason for the “cold” of part of the Plan for Strengthening Basic Disciplines is that the selection threshold is high, the interest and competitiveness have not yet been highlighted, and it is not relatively unique and exclusive. In order to get rid of the “cold” phenomenon, the government should expand the scope of trials and the weight of school examinations; colleges need to implement training programs to demonstrate the superiority of the system; students should strengthen their academic career ideals.

As an important part of the personnel reform at higher education institutions in China, the implementation process of the “up-or-out” system has been accompanied by disputes and even doubts. The uncertainty of the nature of the “up-or-out” contract leads to significant differences in judgments. In the dimension of the relationship with teachers, higher education institutions are not authorized by laws and regulations. They and teachers are civil subjects with equal legal status, and the “up-or-out” contract does not have the public nature. Therefore, the “up-or-out” contract disputes can not be solved by administrative litigation, but by civil litigation. Based on the legal nature of labor disputes, we should abide by the system of “one mediation, one arbitration and two trials” in the procedural arrangement.

In the context of “Double First-Class” construction, the building of high-level post-doctoral quality assurance system has become an important issue for improving the governance of higher education. At present, there are some problems in China’s post-doctoral quality assurance, such as governance system with segmentation of “strong trap and weak block”, imperfect quality assurance system, deviation from the cultivation orientation as well as inefficient use of resources. All these in a large part are attributable to the leading of institutional discipline, the carrier of project support, and the means by institutionalized technical governance. To solve the dilemma of post-doctoral quality assurance, it is urgent to break the management model of the segmentation of “strong trap and weak block”, and build a comprehensive quality assurance system for post-doctoral fellows with flexible governance order, high efficient assurance process, and multiple governance culture based on the idea of “integration of the segmentation” and collaborative governance.

In order to cultivate high value-added talents in vocational fields, the South Korean government attaches great importance to the construction of professional degree graduate education, so as to meet the needs of the labor market and provide sufficient human capital for the development of the country. By systematically arranging the history of the establishment and adjustment of professional degree graduate education categories, projects and scales in South Korea, and starting from the two key elements of driving mechanism and framework features. This study analyzes and concludes that the driving mechanism lies in the process of mutual game, adjustment and cooperation between the government, the market, and universities. The characteristics of the establishment and adjustment of the framework are legally standardized, relatively autonomous, and dynamic and flexible. This provides a useful reference for promoting the standardized, independent, dynamic and characteristic development of professional degree graduate education in China.

Improving the evaluation and certification standards for “double-typed qualities” teachers is of great significance to deepening the reform of education evaluation in the new era and promoting the high-quality development of vocational education. The article collates and analyzes the policy texts of “double-typed qualities” teachers evaluation and accreditation in 6 provinces, and finds that the policy elements of the provincial-level “double-typed qualities” teachers evaluation and accreditation policy relatively complete, policy objectives tend to be clear, certification scope is wide, teacher job certification classification, evaluation certification standards are more diversified. At the same time, the threshold of “double-typed qualities” teachers evaluation certification standards set in some regions is too low, and the certification and evaluation subject is relatively single, supervision mechanism is imperfect and so on. In the future, it is necessary to improve the national, provincial and college level “double-typed qualities” teachers identification methods, build an evaluation and identification system involving multiple subjects of education administration, enterprises, industries, and higher vocational colleges, and set up scientific and reasonable evaluation and identification standards and at the same time establish a sound and effective supervision mechanism to maximize the effect of the policy.

The “application-assessment” system has become the general method of the admission of doctoral students in China. It is necessary to figure out the core competence in the doctoral entrance examination to select high-quality doctoral students. This study analyzes the 2021 “application-assessment” enrollment policy text of 42 first-class universities of the world, using an analysis software, Nvivo 11, based on the grounded theory to construct the core competence framework of academic doctoral students. In conclusion, the core competency framework of academic doctoral students includes 3 dimensions, 5 core literacy and 29 basic requirements. Specifically, professional and general knowledge is the foundation, political attitude, academic interest and ambition are the directions, and scientific research ability and innovation potential are the core. The enlightenment for future academic doctoral student enrollment lies in: First, quantitative indexes are not the only and absolute criterion to evaluate research ability, while more attention should be paid on soft power assessment of academic interest, character and potential; Second, cooperative research is an important internal motivation to academic innovation, thus the evaluation of cooperation ability of doctoral students should be emphasized; Third, the evaluation of interdisciplinary ability of doctoral students should be strengthened as the training of interdisciplinary talents is a trend.

High-level talents play a soul role in the beautiful vision of “upward mobility” for local universities. In order to inquire the realistic situation about the introduction of high-level talents in local universities, based on the theory of social practice, three group images of the “sender”, “receiver” and “influencer” of the talent introduction signal were drawn through interviews with 18 managers, high-level talents and local talents of N University. Adopting the logic of “Motivation tracing-Influencing factors-Attitude tendency” for inquiring and the clue of “Field-Capital-Habitus” for analysis, the question of how the local universities generate their decisions for talent introduction is explored. It is found that local universities have problems as “Imbalance of order” in talent introduction, “Lack of integration” in internal and external relations and “capital preference” oriented alienation. In their introduction of talent, attention should be paid to highlighting the “standardized” talent introduction mechanism, implementing the “integrated” cultivation system, building a “harmonious” academic ecology, forming a “reasonable” capital distribution, and debugging within the field and the scope of ability.

In order to support the national strategic development, in recent decades, neo-type research universities emerged rapidly in China. Based on the empirical research of neo-type research universities in China, the study examines the organizational innovation in teaching, research and social service of Chinese neo-type universities. Furthermore, the study proposes to develop quality assurance mechanisms in place under the guidance of the input-process-output-context model to ensure the expected high-quality development of neo-type research universities to be delivered. In so doing, the study provide support for the high-quality development of neo-type research universities in China.

The scale of full-time university teachers is the important task of the construction of teachers’ team, which is of great significance to build China’s strength in education, science and technology, and talent. A model for the supply and demand of scale was applied to predict the demand and supply of full-time university teachers across the whole country, as well as by regions and disciplines in 2035, so as to judge the corresponding supply and demand situation. The study found that the demand for full-time university teachers across the country will steadily expand, but the supply capacity is relatively weak. By 2035, there will be a discrepancy between supply and demand of about 480 000 full-time teachers. Provinces and disciplines with large scale of higher education and weak supply capacity of teachers will face more severe contradiction between supply and demand. To this end, the education authorities need to integrate various talent projects, strengthen the supply capacity of teachers, and alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of university teachers nationwide by 2035; it is also needed to optimize the regional and disciplinary structure of university teachers by increasing the overall layout of regional university teachers and accelerating the supply of teachers in disciplines that meet the country’s urgent needs.

Academic undergraduate education has been developed into a set of undergraduate education system with the main goal of cultivating research-oriented talents, which has the characteristics of non-functionality, interdisciplinary integration and sustainable development. It pays more attention to basic theory teaching, scientific research method training and innovative ability cultivation. Practical undergraduate is one of the basic modes of talent training in modern higher education, with the main goal of training applied talents. Practical undergraduate has the characteristics of focusing on practice-based purpose, technology orientation and specialty education, which pays more attention to technical education and training, cultivation of ability to solve practical problems, and cultivation of engineering technology awareness and professional ethics. Vocational undergraduate is a sub category of the practical undergraduate, which is an education to cultivate vocational high-level technical talents. Its characteristics mainly include: vocational orientation, complexity of technical skills training, and connection between teaching and production. Vocational undergraduate education pays more attention to cultivation of vocational advanced ability, on-site practical teaching and cultivation of vocational quality.

Influenced by the New Public Management Movement and the New Administrative Law, the development trend of rule of law in higher education in five countries such as Britain, the United States, Germany, France and Japan has shown an obvious trend of functionalism, and “governance effectiveness” has become an important criterion for the measurement of rule of law, which is mainly manifested in: the legal nature and objectives of universities are corporatized, market-oriented and professionalized; the relationship between government and universities is equalized, contracting and performance-based; the internal governance of universities is hierarchical, externalized and cooperative. However, the rule of law tradition and overall legal order of the five countries constitute a systematic control of functionalism, which enables the overall balance between rights and obligations of teachers and students in colleges and universities and obtains substantial protection, which is mainly manifested in the rights and interests of teachers, the rights of student participation and the rights of students to succeed in learning. In the process of promoting the rule of law in education governance, we should, on the one hand, build a “law of governance” and highlight the effectiveness of legal norms and institutes; on the other hand, we should insist on the “governance of law” and provide systematic guarantee of law and order for the rights and interests of teachers and students in colleges and universities.

张华峰是我在清华大学教育研究院曾经指导过的博士生。他即将出版的《中国大学生主体性学习:本土特色与转型》一书是他撰写的博士论文《超越中国学习者悖论——中国大学生主体性学习研究》的修改版。细读这一书稿时,华峰准备和写作博士论文时的情境不时在我脑中闪现。这可能是曾经的学生写书请自己的导师作序时通常会遇到的情况:知根知底的导师会由此书联想到其前身,包括已经被枪毙或自杀过几回的题目；没准还会揭你的老底,让崇拜你的学生觉得原来你读博时的处境和他们差不多:在选题和研究过程中也曾倍受焦虑和困惑的摧残。另外,对学生期待甚高的导师还会由此书联想到其后世:不仅希望是学术新秀之作,还要求有学术大家的定位,所以总会鸡蛋里挑骨头地苛求。当然,

Doctoral students of social sciences are the talent foundation that support social sciences to meet the needs of social development. The UK has always attached great importance to the development of social sciences and focused on cultivating a considerable number of high-quality social sciences talents. Doctoral students of social sciences in the UK have ample room for development and considerable talent pool, and the core competencies are still good but need to be further improved. In the process of recruitment, guidance, development and support, doctoral students training in the social sciences in the UK have some contradictions, such as the expansion of admission opportunities and the lack of participation of some groups, the solidification of the tutor’s education concept does not match the change of employment needs, the increase of psychological pressure and the school’s lack of humanistic care, and longer time to obtain a degree and insufficient funding years. The UK Economic and Social Research Council progresses from vision, environment, capability and guarantee to build a reform framework for doctoral students training in social sciences, which is guided by vision and goals, based on environment construction, with ability forging as the core, and guaranteed by system support. Taking the reform experience of social science doctoral students training in the UK as a guide, the development of China’s social science doctoral students training should constantly improve its quality, flexibly adjust its funding methods, and comprehensively relieve its psychological problems.

The dilemma of the VUCA era not only brings a sense of embodiment to higher education for passive response, but also requires higher education to actively make strategies for change. At present, there are security risks in both traditional and non-traditional fields, the trend of anti globalization is rising, global economic development and recovery are weak, the fourth industrial revolution is sweeping the world, digital transformation is also promoting the reform of governance system, and so on. Such a dilemma of the times requires higher education to make a positive response, and it is also reshaping the form of higher education. Facing the future, the action choice of China’s higher education institutions should be to realize high-quality development, coordinated development, digital transformation and modernization of governance ability of higher education through innovative connotation construction, structural optimization, digital element renewal and multiple collaborative governance, and to look for breakthrough strategies and development opportunities in external changes.

Based on panel data of 30 provinces and autonomous regions in China from 2003 to 2018, this paper examines the impact of human capital of graduate and innovation-driven on economic growth. The empirical results show that both human capital of graduate and innovation-driven have a significant positive effect on economic growth, but the interaction of the two has a negative effect on economic growth. Further analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between the economic growth within the regions and the spatial correlation coefficient is about 21.23%. After taking spatial correlation into account, the human capital of graduate and innovation-driven still have significant effect on economic growth in local regions, but the promotion effect is declined to some extent. It is suggested that on the basis of expanding the scale of graduate student enrollment and increasing the investment in innovation, the problem of human capital of graduate and innovation-driven coordination mechanism should be emphatically solved.

The new round audit evaluation is not a new start, the program is compiled with the wisdom of all parts concerned on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of the formal performance level evaluation and the previous round of audit evaluation according to the new stage and new mission of China’s higher education reform and development, with a number of outstanding characteristics, distinctive features and highlights. In short, the new program has the characteristics of directional, objective and feasibility, includes features of classified evaluation, hierarchical responsibility of implementation, online and offline evaluation, and combination of construction and reform, highlighting bright spots of quality assurance audit, online evaluation, “trilogy” of rectification, “one school one policy” and “Excellent Undergraduate Education and Teaching Demonstration School”.

Only when the independent college has crossed the threshold of transformation, can it really plan and implement its own independent development. As one of the important birthplaces of independent colleges, Jiangsu province has the largest number of independent colleges in China, and the independent colleges are also facing the problem of transformation and independent development. Taking Jiangsu province as an example, the transformation is not only for the objective requirement of national policy orientation in the new era, but also for the internal demand of healthy and sustainable development of independent colleges themselves. Meanwhile,the transformation is for the requirement of high-quality development of higher education in Jiangsu province. There are some problems and risks in the process of transformation, and there are also some practical difficulties. To solve the dilemma of transformation, we need the cooperation and joint efforts of the government, parent universities, investors and independent colleges and other stakeholders. All sides must perform their own duties, and suit their measures to different conditions in terms of locality for innovating the new path of transformation.

Entrepreneurial mindset is an important bridge between entrepreneurial education and students’ entrepreneurial conducts. The cultivation of entrepreneurial mindset in universities is not only the internal basis for the success of individual entrepreneurship, but also the inevitable requirement for deepened reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education in universities and comprehensively improved quality of higher education. It is serves as an important link to improve the construction of entrepreneurial ecosystem in China. The connotative links of the entrepreneurial mindset for the college students are to arouse awareness on the identification of entrepreneurial opportunity, strengthen individual sensitivity on entrepreneurship, enhance individual motivation on entrepreneurship, and improve risk management skills for entrepreneurship. Presently, the advancement of the cultivation of college students’ entrepreneurial mindset calls for clarified goal, innovated teaching methods and optimized the structure of teachers in a suitable environment, so as to integrate the cultivation of entrepreneurial mindset into the whole process of entrepreneurship education.

This paper conducts case analysis on four world-class research universities which achieved outstanding governance , such as Technical University of Berlin(Germany), University of California, Berkeley(USA), Purdue University(USA), Kyoto University(Japan). Through interviews with administrators and faculty, firsthand material is collected, and cases are analyzed from the dimensions of the organizational structure, decision-making system, the power list. The case study shows that there are three key elements(organizational structure, decision-making system and power list) in the governance of four world-class research universities that are worth learning for Chinese universities. First, a stable and applicable organizational structure tamps the foundation of university governance structure; Second, in the decision-making process of university governance, an effective authorization system should be implemented to ensure that all kinds of governance committees play their roles; Third, the management boundary of university(departments) should be clear, and the formation of power list system should be promoted, so as to standardize and support the autonomy of university(departments). Looking forward to the development of China’s university governance under the modern university system, this paper proposes that it is necessary to combine China’s national conditions and the governance experience of world-class research universities to explore the organizational structure, decision-making system and power list which are suitable for China’s universities. It aims to improve the efficiency of university governance in China, and provide reference and corresponding governance strategies for the high-quality development of China’s higher education.

Promoting the in-depth development of school-enterprise cooperation at the legal level has become an important issue for vocational education in the new era. It is the fundamental significance of the legalization of school-enterprise cooperation to clarify the right, obtain the right, protect the right, and finally realize the right. From the perspective of right, the three-dimensional goal framework of the legalization of school-enterprise cooperation is that the content of right has laws to follow, the way of obtaining right has rules to follow, and the security system is powerful. In order to achieve these goals, we need to specify the basic content of right, implement the right sharing mechanism, and improve the right protection system, and finally promote the rule of law road of school-enterprise cooperation with strong system supply.